Is CSR a myth a study of the sourcing strategies of the UK food Essay

Is CSR a fantasy an investigation of the sourcing methodologies of the UK food retailers - Essay Example The investigation proposes that future promoting openings is in furnishing the customers with items that convey esteem and these ought to contain moral social qualities. This is on the grounds that the UK buyer is still morally cognizance and is happy to take care of it. Notwithstanding, the retailers rush to charge a premium while likewise passing on the weight of savvy sourcing to the providers. The retailers need to comprehend that to hold steadfast clients they would need to deal with the worries of the purchasers. A few retailers have gone to the degree of selling the greater part of the items in the district where it is created. This upgrades client relationship and is additionally savvy as the flexibly chains are shorter. Additionally odds of sullying increment in bigger gracefully chains. In general, the UK food retailers release their CSR just partly. They additionally hold fast to the reasonable exchange standards to the degree that they need to satisfy the administration g uidelines forced upon them. They have to take care of the worries of the considerable number of partners and need to guarantee that their sourcing is practical. Volume buys at the worldwide level brings them this advantage. Be that as it may, not all retailers follow this system and some have really incorporated CSR into their methodology not on account of the advantages that it gives but since they perceive that they should give back something to the general public.

What is language Free Essays

Depict the elements of language. (3) Explain the pertinence/significance of English Language Studies. (4) utilize the information picked up to investigations a couple of writings. We will compose a custom paper test on What is language or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Candela et. Al. 2012: 1-2) By working through your instructional exercise matter (study guide and course books), you ought to have the option to give answers to these inquiries. What Is language? Language is â€Å"the strategy for human correspondence, either spoken or composed, comprising of the utilization of words in an organized and regular manner. â€Å"l What is correspondence? Correspondence is â€Å"the conferring or trading of data by talking, composing, or utilizing some other medium. â€Å"2 In request to impart (for individuals to comprehend each other) we have to utilize language in an organized way. Think about the accompanying sentences: ) I am glad since I ate chocolate. ) Chocolate I upbeat I since ate am. C) I mama yap succubae I tea teleological. 1 OFFS Why do you comprehend the primary sentence? For what reason are the second and third sentences ambiguous? For important correspondence to happen, we have to comprehend and apply the principles of the specific la nguage we are considering. In this module, we find out about a portion of the principles which administer the English language. You will learn words, sentences and thoughts that will assist you with describing language. These words and thoughts will be applied to genuine circumstances where English is utilized. Consider how English is utilized in various circumstances: school, work, home and Twitter. You will start to welcome that language use shifts starting with one setting then onto the next. As yourself the inquiry; OK talk or keep in touch with your boss similarly that you would address your companions? You will be acquainted with the specialized language wording, (for example, â€Å"syntax†, â€Å"phonetics†, â€Å"phonology’, â€Å"register†, â€Å"genre†, â€Å"text†, â€Å"semantics† and â€Å"pragmatics†) so as to consider language. Since you don't for the most part use language in confinement, we have to examine how it is utilized in the public arena. Recall that not every person utilizes language in a similar way. Therefore, we have to learn assortments of language, vernaculars, principles, and perspectives to language. What is a book? In the event that you allude to the word reference, there are numerous definitions accommodated â€Å"text†. For instance, a â€Å"text† could allude to â€Å"a book or other composed or printed work, respected as far as its substance as opposed to its physical structure. â€Å"3 In your investigation direct, we discover that â€Å"text† doesn't allude only to composed material. By text’ we mean any bit of composing/language that drapes together from the ginning as far as possible. It must have solidarity. Writings don't just need to be composed. They can be spoken, e. G. The news that we hear on radio, or the news that we watch being communicated on Television. A book can likewise be visual or broad media. In reality, messages that are delivered for TV are various media. Thus, some composed writings consolidate both the composed and the visual, e. G. Paper reports. A craftsmanship painting, for example, (Candela et. Al. , 2012: 3) Example of a book: Mona Lisa Leonardo father Vinci Why do you figure an artistic creation can be viewed as a book? Give different instances of writings. What is a space? One definition for â€Å"domain† is â€Å"a determined circle of action or information. â€Å"4 In your examination direct, we discover that a â€Å"domain† doesn't allude solely to composed Domain alludes to social classifications which find all occasions of language use in different circumstances or settings. It tends to be the homeroom area, the games field, a congregation, a political convention, and so forth. Notice that a study hall has a place with the bigger circle or area of instruction, and a lesson in chapel has a place with the bigger space of religion. (Candela et. Al. , 2012: 4) Provide instances of a space. For what reason is it essential to distinguish an area? ? Prior, I gave a word reference meaning of language. On page 4 of your investigation direct, there are different meanings of language. In this module, language is seen as an arrangement of relating structures to capacities. I don't get this' meaning? Right off the bat, would you be able to recognize the constituents of a sentence? I. E. Would you be able to distinguish an action word, qualifier, thing, modifier, etc? Sentence. On the off chance that you can distinguish these structures and how they work in a sentence, at that point you will start to see how they produce importance in a book. Language resembles a machine. In the event that any parts are missing or are in an inappropriate spot, the machine won't work. The accompanying table from the investigation control speaks to the language framework: Language idea Meaning Phonetics The investigation of discourse sounds. Phonology The investigation of the sound designing framework. Lexis The investigation of the genuine words an author or speaker decides to utilize. Morphology The investigation of how words are framed. Linguistic structure The investigation of how words consolidate to frame sentences and the guidelines that administer the arrangements. Orthography Writing frameworks Semantics The investigation of importance, how significance is made and comprehended. Pragmatics The investigation of the utilization of language in correspondence †I. E. Sentences as utilized in settings and circumstances. Talk The most effective method to refer to What is language, Papers What is Language Free Essays The inquiry above from the outset appeared to be anything but difficult to answer particularly that we as a whole have assumption of what truly language is. Language is talking. Noam Chomsky battles that more than some other attributes, the ownership of language recognizes people from creatures (Chomsky). We will compose a custom paper test on What is Language? or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now He contended that to get mankind, one must comprehend the idea of language that makes us human. Language isn't just the capacity to talk, rather, it is the ability to create sounds that imply certain implications and to comprehend or decipher the sounds delivered by others (Chomsky, p. 2). In this way, on the off chance that one don't have the foggiest idea about the language, the expressions of that language will be for the most part unfathomable. Language is beyond what discourse as hard of hearing individuals can deliver dialects without words similarly as ordinary people produce and comprehend verbal dialects. Language is the thing that makes individuals sees one another, it is makes countries to join for a shared objectives and it is the very establishment of progress and accomplishments. In this manner understanding language is a fundamental errand that each one must attempt. The world has maybe a great many diverse language that for the greater part of us we can just talk five or the most is ten of these dialects. Our restricted information on such dialects is obstructing us to accomplish our objectives to live in harmony, solidarity, and, in collaboration with one another. Etymological examination subsequently is a basic advance towards this motivation behind accomplishing, solidarity, collaboration, and common comprehension with one another. Comprehending what is Language Knowing a language includes recognizing what sounds are in that language. It implies that when one isn't an English speaker the individual can't substitute the way to express a specific word to cause it to show up the word is articulated in English. Taking for instance the case introduced by Chomsky, he noticed that French individuals regularly articulated the English word various things as though they were spelled as â€Å"Zis† and â€Å"Zat. † knowing the sound arrangement of the language in this way incorporates something beyond the record of sounds. It includes realizing which sounds may begin a word, end a word, and follow one another. As indicated by Chomsky, knowing the sounds and the examples of sounds add up to just a single piece of our semantic information. While the facts may demonstrate that specific succession of sounds signify certain ideas or implications, if so, realizing a language isn't a simple assignment. One needs to become familiar with the arrangements of sound on the off chance that the person needs to learn language. That is, the words in that language which is likewise the sound successions that are identified with specific implications. In this way, in the event that one don't have the foggiest idea about a language, the person in question can't comprehend the significance of the words or sentences of that language, on the grounds that the connection among discourse and sounds is emotional or a self-assertive one. Securing a language in this manner needs one to recognize that the sounds spoke to by the letters imply the idea. Communications through signing The connection between structure (sound) and the significance (idea) of a word is genuine even in gesture based communications (Chomsky, p. 5). It is far fetched somebody who is utilizing Chinese gesture based communication CSL) can grasp the message of the person who is utilizing American Sign Language (ASL), the equivalent with the other. The creator noticed that not all the developments of the hands uncover the significance of the motion in communications through signing. He bring up that there is some stable imagery in language, which is the words whose elocution recommend implications. These words or sounds in a language once in a while emulate different sounds, in any case, in spite of the fact that there might be a few sounds that are like the articles or activities they allude to, the sounds vary from language to language in light of the fact that every language has its own specific arrangement of language. Be that as it may, Martin Hann stressed that in understanding the message of the language both the sender and the recipient needs shared implications of the signals tones, and other correspondence images (Hann, M. . Hann brought up that all the data and messages that we get is being sorted out by our psyches into a psychological guide that compare to our view of the real world. The Importance of Sound Sequences somewhat, the creator noticed that some specific sound groupings appear to identify with a specific thought. Refering to as model, the English words starting gl, for example, glare, flash, sparkle, sparkle, polished, coat, flicker, glimpse, etc, appeared to be identified with sight. Nonetheless, another arrangement of words starting with a similar two letters, for example, combatant, gl

Effect of Slavery on Feminism in the Beloved Novel

This section presents a survey of related writing and studies that filling in as a foundation and casing of inclination whereupon reasonable system was figured. This material gave a lot of foundation and data for the current examination. Related Literature (12 page single space) p 7-21 2. 1 Slavery 2. 1. 1 Timeline of Significant Events. The slave exchange had a long history.The first importation of slaves by the Spanish vessels from Africa to America occurred in 1522. The principal African Slaves showed up in Virginia, USA in 1619. The English provinces start the legitimate foundation of subjection in 1660 which incorporated the United States.The beginning of the enormous floods of slave importations into the English settlements from Africa happened in 1700. The slaves begin to dwarf the English Americans in 1720. The Quakers begin to battle against the shades of malice of Slavery in 1750. The French and Indian War came about to the removal of the French armed force from numerous pi eces of North America for a long time beginning in 1753. The United States war for freedom from Great Britain began in 1775 in the war of Lexington and Concord. The United States at long last pronounced that it needed to be autonomous from the Great Britain on July 9, 1776 .And, the Continental Congress of the United States officially endorsed their Articles of Confederation on July 9, 1778. What's more, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania at last annulled the act of servitude. Incredible Britain and the United States officially marked the Treaty of Paris consenting to stop the autonomy war between the two nations and to perceive the United States as another country. Also, the Continental Congress sends the new Constitution to the state for sanction on September 28, 1783. George Washington is announced as the principal leader of the United States on April 30, 1789.The Bill of Rights that contained the initial ten alterations were endorsed by multiple fourths of the United States an area and turns out to be a piece of the United States Constitution. The United States purchased Louisiana from France for fifteen million U. S. dollars. Also, the individuals from the United States officially made a law forbidding the importation of slaves into the United States . Further, the White Churches start their strict efforts to the African American slaves. The United States controlled the revolt coordinated by Nat Turner in Virginia.Abraham Lincoln was picked by the individuals as the sixteenth leader of the United States on March 4, 1861. General Robert Lee’s Confederate armed force officially gives up and parts of the bargains on April 9, 1861. The thirteenth Amendment was at long last endorsed by the United States Congress. In conclusion, the United States Congress endorses with certainty the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This revision gives programmed citizenship to the slaves. This change likewise rebuffs those states that don't go along in with the Amendment to evacuate subjection by removing the revolting state’s portrayal in Congress.Also, every single free man are given the option to cast a ballot under the fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Beloved epic additionally had a topic entitled subjugation. Subjugation is depicted by the novel’s creator as ordinary. This implies the individuals who have slaves are viewed as typical individuals. The individuals during this timeframe acknowledge that bondage is an organization and its way of thinking and outlook influences the lives of numerous individuals in the slave â€prevalent parts of the United States. Thusly, subjugation had its favorable circumstances and inconveniences. There are acceptable proprietors of slaves just as harsh proprietors of slaves.Beloved discusses Garners. They are the proprietors of the slaves like Sethe. They were exceptionally kind to the African American slaves. Consequently, the slaves like Sethe and P aul D. , another slave, regarded the Garners. This cheerful participation between the Garners and the slaves reached a sudden conclusion when the Garners passed on. This epic portrays the years prior to the Civil War and the years after it. Morrison’s expressive account intelligibly weaves together the heavenly and the substantial giving an artistic perfect work of art that spills out a stunning accomplishment coming about to an enchanting understanding action .They were supplanted by the unfeeling administration of the Garner substitution. The substitution was a man referred to just as teacher. Paul D later expressed that their glad home would just keep going as long as the Garners were alive. This was unquestionably evident. Paul D. further emphasized that their upbeat home under the Garners would be broken upon his passing. The tale additionally directs that the Garners are for against the act of bondage. Notwithstanding, the novel recognizes the slaves as simply basic toy s or laborers who were controlled by the Garners to take care of their dreams and needs with the slaves as instruments.In an easy to understand way, Beloved writer Morrison needs to paint an image in the brains of the Beloved perusers how large the issue of bondage is. Morrison likewise in a roundabout way gives pieces of information with respect to how boundless and abhorrent the slave exchange was during those game changing timespans. The creator, Morrison, additionally underscores that there are a few different ways to destroy servitude. In the Bodwin home, there is a sculpture of an African American youngster. The sculpture has on it an engraving that peruses â€Å"At Yo Service†. 2. 1. 2 US. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.As a backgrounder to this examination, George Washington drove the Continental Army to crush the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War. The war occurred somewhere in the range of 1775 and 1783. He drove the American Army to overcome the Britis h powers in Boston. Nonetheless, he was later crushed in New York. He counter assaulted by intersection over the Delaware River into New Jersey. He won in the fight there on the grounds that the British powers were gotten off guard. Next, the American powers overwhelm the two greatest British powers in Saratoga and Yorktown.George Washington joined the various segments of the provincial American pioneers in a sharp way. He haggled with their new French partners and Great Britain to end its contribution in wars outside the American states in its Treaty of Neutrality in 1793 . Further, he was instrumental in a Central American government, the inconvenience of a national expense framework and a national bank. He went into a concurrence with Britain to stop any future war between them two. George Washington was one of the creators of the United States Constitution.He is popular for the line â€Å"four score and seven years back our dads delivered on this mainland another country, conve ived in Liberty, and devoted to the suggestion that all men are made equivalent. † This Abrahan Lincoln discourse was conveyed on the greatest and bloodiest war zone of the common war â€Gettysburg. This discourse brings the common war soldiers, supporters and family members to the distinct reality that George Washington has carefully made another country, United States. This discourse was made by the current common war President Abraham Lincoln during the entombment of dead warriors in a mass grave in Gettysburg .George Washington had pooled together the whole individuals in the states to mobilize behind his prominence towards autonomy. He expertly mixed the various interests and political any expectations of the individuals and the Continental military into one strong and solid band of siblings. He had been the mystery fixing that unified the officers at that point. He got things done by helping the various areas of the military, the states just as the Continental Congress to settle their disparities genial. He was handy as a grower, government official and the primary United States President .George Washington was extremely instrumental in making a free United States with the Declaration of Independence as follows: â€Å"We hold these realities to act naturally clear: that all men are made equivalent; that they are blessed by their Creator with certain basic rights; that among these are life, freedom, and the quest for bliss. † 2. 1. 3 Renaissance writing on Slavery during the 1800s. A considerable lot of the individuals in the South were changing beginning in the year 1824. This accelerated from the death of the Long Virginia authority. The philanthropic idea of the earlier ages were easing back being supplanted by new thoughts.The individuals were presently increasingly intrigued by the monetary unforeseen development in their lives and their locale. The individuals of the South continued hanging on their strategy on servitude regardless of the pattern in the North to free the slaves. For, the Southern states’ primary monetary action was cultivating. Furthermore, the slaves were exceptionally helpful in the ranches. Nonetheless, the Northern piece of the United States was increasingly industrialized. Hence, the Northerners felt that they no longer need the administrations of the slaves. The move from the earlier Jefferson to Calhoun was unavoidable toward the Southerners.This implies that the current monetary authenticity had totally disintegrated the earlier philanthropic optimism . There was no preventing of the change from little honorable men grower over the awkward Southern yeomanry. The Southern psyche was currently centered around the statement of Aristocratic optimism. The South had relinquished the Jefferson speculations of equalitarianism that had been profoundly dug in the people’s minds from Kentucky to as distant as Georgia. The South had relinquished the agrarian hypotheses of John Taylor a nd the more established Virginian populace. The radical psyche of the South was situated in Charleston.The quality of the South could be found operating at a profit belt. This belt began from South Carolina toward the East and Texas in the West. For, there were a bigger number of slaves than the whites in these zones. The philosophical speculations of colonialism had fanned out quickly in the Southern American locales. The writing of the eighteenth century was centered around the estates. Abstract pieces during this period incorporate the Anarchiad and Echo of Harford Wits. Other abstract pieces incorporated the private letters

Use the 3 Cs to Improve Your Writing (and Writing Scores!)

This post was written by our friends at Scribendi. If youre here, youre probably looking to improve your writing. Whether youre crafting an admissions essay or preparing for a standardized test, such as the writing section of the ACT, improving your writing is a very worthy goal. Even if youve already studied all the necessary content and done practice writing tests, putting your knowledge to paper is not always a simple task. But you dont have to lose points due to difficulties communicating through the written word. Remember that most standardized tests say that they are not marking your writing per se, but that they are looking for clarity of thought. This is because they know that good writing is impossible if you do not clearly understand what you are trying to say. Improving your writing is often as simple as improving your clarity. Since writing and clarity go hand in hand, a reader can understand your ideas and arguments only if youve communicated them effectively on the page. By focusing on attaining correct, cohesive, and convincing writing—that is, the three Cs of writing—you can achieve clarity and thus improve your writing. Be Correct Writing errors inherently compromise clarity. Grammar and spelling errors can negatively affect your writing, your clarity, and, ultimately, your score. Graders work fast, and while you likely wont lose marks for a few grammar mistakes, testers might find themselves concentrating more on errors than on the content. Therefore, revision is crucial. Set aside some time to reduce the number and severity of errors in your writing. This includes catching spelling and grammar errors, reducing repetition, ensuring smooth transitions between thoughts, and more. If you find yourself struggling to grasp English mechanics, check out The Students Guide to Grammar and Punctuation. Ensuring clarity through correctness also involves attention to language. Here, simplicity is key. Simple sentences are better than long, convoluted ones. This is also true for vocabulary; dont use a long word just for the sake of sounding smarter. Finally, pay attention to voice. For example, its generally best to use the active voice (e.g., Shakespeare wrote Hamlet) and avoid the passive voice (e.g., Hamlet was written by Shakespeare). Be Cohesive Writing without good structure is often unclear and disjointed. Therefore, any long or essay-style answers require a clear structure. The general structure of these is as follows: an introduction (with your thesis), a body (with your arguments and evidence), and then a conclusion (to sum up the main points). On a larger scale, focus on splitting up your paragraphs logically by argument. Be sure to use transitions throughout to present clear connections between each paragraph. On a smaller scale, mold each paragraph to follow the same clear structure as the full piece, in which the topic sentence acts as an introduction, the middle sentences as a body, and the final sentence as a conclusion. Dont forget to keep referring back to your thesis. Each sentence should be related to it in some way, either in giving background information for the thesis, explaining your perspective on it, proving it, or summarizing it. Be careful not to get sidetracked or lose focus. If you do, dont be afraid to cut sentences or reframe your argument; your writing will benefit from this in the long run. Be Convincing Your ideas will be unclear if they are not developed to explain your intended meaning or supported to back up your claims. Accordingly, its not only important to practice the conventions of writing and the structure of your writing but also to practice developing the content of your writing. Along with being correct and cohesive, youll have to be convincing to achieve good writing and thus good scores. Reinforcing your thesis with all the relevant evidence and examples you can conjure will allow you to be convincing, so place emphasis on giving concrete examples and evidence throughout. That is, reason your thoughts well and be convincing in your reasoning. A reader should never question your stance, so be sure to acknowledge counterarguments and address them appropriately when necessary. Backing up your chosen argument in your writing will help sell it to the reader, and addressing counterarguments will help you remain convincing even if the answer is not necessarily black and white. Conclusion While its true that standardized tests should grade your thoughts, knowledge, and practice, demonstrating the depth and breadth of these facets on paper requires good writing skills. Concentrating on writing a correct, cohesive, and convincing essay—that is, practicing and executing the three Cs of writing—is a good place to start to improve your writing and your writing scores. Jes Gonzalez is a magician and a mechanic; that is to say, she creates pieces of writing from thin air to share as a writer, and she cleans up the rust and grease of other pieces of writing as an editor at Scribendi.com. When Jes isnt conjuring or maintaining sentences, shes devouring them, always hungry for more words. Connect with Scribendi on Facebook or Twitter today!

plato Essay - 1175 Words

Discuss Plato’s Parable of the Cave. Plato’s parable of the cave, also known as the â€Å"allegory of the cave, opulently describes beneficial metaphors and elaborate imagery about knowledge, ignorance, truth and lastly enlightenment. The allegory of the cave appears at the beginning of Book VII of Plato’s The Republic, which in itself is principally a study of justice, government and leadership. In The Republic, Plato describes a cave containing individuals confined to the cave floor, bound by shackles. They are unable to move their heads and stare incessantly at the cave wall directly in front of them. The prisoners cannot see one another. Behind the prisoners burns a fire projecting images of objects, animals and individuals carrying†¦show more content†¦The analogy is attempting to encourage individuals to realize the danger of acceptance and complacency. Only when we question and search do we have the chance to become truly free. When freed from our cave - enlightenment is possible. â€Å" The prisoners initial reaction of escaping from the cave is one of fear and confusion, a desire to return to the comfort and security of what he had lived with all his life even though now he is aware it’s all an illusion†(Jackson R 23) Everything the prisoner once believed to be real is now a figment of his imagination and his past environment. This realization at first is frightening, He recognizes that the objects he now sees are real objects and what he has experienced his whole life was simply shadows. Escaping from the cave is a turning point in the prisoner’s life. His prior knowledge is questioned thanks to his heightened sense of consciousness. Plato implies people’s lives and there ability to think rationally is limited by their experiences. This phenomenon is reflecting through the shackled cave men’s lack of awareness of the world and there inability to distinguish what is real from what is not. The cave analogy explores the danger and human tendency of becoming docile consumers. Simply accepting familiarity as knowledge disallows for human growth and permits individual’s knowledge and experiences to simplyShow MoreRelatedPlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had an interest in finding the ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden† class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have kno wledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. IRead MorePlato967 Words   |  4 Pageswould wish the best for a friend regardless of the friend’s usefulness to them or what pleasure he could attain. Having been raised to strive to attain these virtues, the need for a reason to do so becomes pointless. Another difference is that Plato believes that the best type of good is one that is desirable both in itself and for the sake of its results, while Aristotle says that if X is desired because it brings you to Y, then Y is ultimately better than X. Therefore, the highest good is oneRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesmore interested in determining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro† and â€Å"The Apology† which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problemRead MoreThe Republic By Plato Vs. Plato1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Republic by Plato is an vision of an utopian society established through the character of Socrates. Many aspects of Plato’s society appears utopian; however, it can also be viewed dystopian as it is mere subjectiveness. Many of Plato’s arguments apply to current day society; for example, Donald Trump’s rise to power depicts democracy degenerating to despotism. Plato’s Republic is utopian in idealistic terms because the most qualified individual is in charge of society who is able to extend hisRead MoreComparison Between Plato And Plato1101 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality is, how to create justice inside and outside society, the state of nature, equality, and the state of war. They distinguish how the people and government help create a well-oiled society. Comparing Plato to Rousseau, the beginning of philosophy to a more modern perspective. In Crito by Plato, Socrates continues a speech of the Laws of Athens by appealing to a social contract that exists between the Laws and the citizens. By living in Athens, one must abide by the Laws of Athens. Since SocratesRead MorePlato1819 Words   |  8 Pageswinner of the North Award for the best paper in the 2012 Agora. Ben presented an earlier version of this paper at the ACTC Student Conference at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, in March, 2011.) When reading the Apology and the Crito of Plato, one inevitably comes upon a seeming fundamental contradiction between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with a defiant Socrates who declares in his trial that, if acquitted on the condition that he never philosophize again, he wouldRead MorePlato s Symposium, By Plato1273 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book,† Plato’s Symposium,† by Plato, who was a philosopher in Greece, he illustrates the dialectic discussion at a party at Agathon’s to celebrate his triumph of his first tragedy. In the Symposium; the guests Phaedrus, an Athenian aristocrat; Pausanias, the legal expert; Eryximachus, a physician; Aristophanes, eminent comic playwright; Agathon ,a tragic poet and host of the banquet; Socrates, eminent philosopher and Plato s teacher; and Alcibiades, a prominent Athenian statesman, oratorRead MorePlato Vs. Rhetoric : Plato And Rhetoric2524 Words   |  11 PagesPlato and Rhetoric Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in history. Often his words and sayings resonate to this day. But, considering all what Plato has done, what is most peculiar about him is his condemnation of poets and sophists. Plato is in a constant fight to see that the way of true philosophy replaces these false arts. But even much more interesting is that Plato goes even further, and condemns the use of rhetoric, the art of persuasion, as a whole. He not only does this adamantlyRead MoreEssay on Plato1158 Words   |  5 PagesPlato: The Life of Plato Plato was born around 427 BC, in Athens Greece to rich and politically involved family. Platos parents spared no expense in educating him; he was taught at the finest schools. He was taught by Socrates and defended Socrates when he was on trial. Plato traveled to Italy and may have even visited Egypt before founding The Academy. Plato also visited Sicily and instructed a young king there before returning to The Academy to teach for twenty years before his death in 347Read MorePlato Vs Aristotle Vs Plato1814 Words   |  8 PagesPlato and Aristotle had a considerable amount of differences in ideology given that Aristotle was Plato’s student for roughly two decades. Plato, a student of Socrates, opposed the idea of average citizens to participate in politics because he believed that political practice was skill or â€Å"technÄ“ that can only be achieved by a few people. He believed that â€Å"kings must be those among them who have proved best both in philosophy and where war is concerned.† (Republic, 491) and that these â€Å"philosopher

Abnormal Psychology free essay sample

Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: Adaptive and Maladaptive behaviors. Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice. The theoretical field known as ‘abnormal psychology’ may form a backdrop to such work, but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term abnormal in reference to their practice. Disability or dysfunction. (Is there a loss of normal functioning? ) People who suffer from psychological disorders may be unable to get along with others, hold a job, eat properly, or clean themselves. 3. Personal distress. (Is the person unhappy? ) The personal distress criterion focuses on the individual’s own judgment of his or her level of functioning. Feelings of worthlessness and of having lost the joy of living are common. Wild weeping may occur as a general reaction to frustration or anger. Such crying spells do not seem to be directly correlated with a specific function. Example: It’s hard to describe the state I was in several months ago. The depression was total – it was as if everything that happened to me passed through this filter which colored all experiences. Nothing was exciting to me. I felt I was no good, completely worthless, and deserving or nothing. The people who tried to cheer me up were just living in a different world. †¢Cognitive symptoms: Besides general feelings of futility, emptiness, and hopelessness, certain thoughts (e. g. egative view of the self, of the outside world and of the future [Beck, 1974]) and ideas are clearly related to depressive reactions. Disinterest, decreased energy and loss of motivation make it difficult for the depressed person to cope with everyday situations. Work responsibilities become monumental tasks and the person avoids them. Self-accusations of incompetence and general self-denigration are common. Other symptoms include difficulty in concentrating and in making decisions. †¢Behavioral symptoms: Shows social withdrawal and lowered work productivity. Other symptoms include sloppy or dirty clothing, unkempt hair, and lack of concern of personal hygiene. Slowing down of all body movements, expressive gestures and spontaneous responses is called psychomotor retardation. †¢Physiological symptoms: Loss of appetite and weight Constipation -Sleep Disturbance, e. g: insomnia, nightmares hypersomnia -Disruption of the normal menstrual cycle -Aversion to sexual activity Symptoms of Mania †¢Affective Symptoms: The person’s mood is elevated, expansive, or irritable. Show boundless, energy, enthusiasm and self-assertion. If frustrated, they may become profane and quite belligerent. †¢Cognitive symptoms: flightiness, pressured thoughts, lack of focus and attention, and poor judgment. Although much of what they say is understandable to others, the accelerated and disjointed nature of their speech makes it difficult to follow their train of thought. They seem incapable of controlling their attention, as though they are constantly distracted by new and more exciting thoughts and ideas. †¢Behavioral Symptoms: Uninhibited, engaging impulsively in sexual activity or abusive discourse. DSM-IV-TR recognizes 2 levels of manic intensity:- Hypomania: affected people seem to be ‘high’ in mood and overactive in behavior. Their judgment is usually poor, although delusions are rare. When they interact with others, people with hypomania dominate the conversation and are often grandiose (meant to produce an imposing effect) . Mania: more disruptive behaviors, including pronounced over activity, grandiosity and irritability. Their speech may be incoherent and they do not tolerate criticisms or restraints imposed by others. Hallucinations and delusions may appear. †¢Physiological Symptoms: decreased need for sleep, accompanied by high levels of arousal. The energy and excitement these patients show may cause them to lose weight or to go without sleep for long periods. UNIPOLAR DISORDERS Depression without a history of mania In almost all countries, women are at least twice as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression. Approximately half of people with unipolar depression recover within six weeks and 90% recover within a year, some without treatment (Kessler, 2002; Kendler et al. , 1997). However, most of them have at least one other episode of depression later on their lives (Boland Keller, 2002). People become depressed when the daylight hours are short and recover when the daylight hours are long. A person’s mood changes cannot be the result of psychosocial events, such as regularly being unemployed during the winter. Rather, the mood changes must seem to come on without reason or cause. *Dsythmia Differs from major depression in terms of both severity and duration. Dsythmia represents a chronic mild depressive condition that has been present for many years. In order to fulfill DSM-IV-TR criteria for this disorder, the person must, over a period of at least 2 years, exhibit a epressed mood for most of the day on more days than not. These symptoms must not be absent for more than 2 months at a time during the 2-year period. If at any time during the initial 2 years the person met criteria for a major depressive episode, the diagnosis would be major depression rather than dsythmia. As in the case of major depression disorder, the presence of a manic episode would rule o ut a diagnosis of dsythmia. When dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder, the sequence is called double depression (Boland Keller, 2002). The distinction between major depressive disorder and dsythmia is somewhat artificial because both of sets of symptoms are frequently seen in the same person. In such cases, rather than thinking of them as separate disorders, it is more appropriate to consider them as two aspects of the same disorder, which waxes and wanes over time. Some experts have argued that chronic depression is a single, broadly conceived disorder that can be expressed in many different combinations of symptoms over time (McCullough et al. , 2003). BIPOLAR DISORDER A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania. Many describe their life as an emotional roller coaster. They shift back and forth between extreme moods. The essential feature of bipolar disorders is the occurrence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes; the term bipolar is used because the disorders are usually accompanie d by one or more depressive episodes. Bipolar disorders include subcategories which describe the nature of the disorder; Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I (Formally known as manic depression) where normal mood is interrupted by manic and major depressive episodes, or, occasionally, by what are referred to as mixed episodes in which manic and major depressive symptoms are both present. †¢Single manic episode- Presence of only one manic episode and no past major depressive episodes. †¢hypomanic- in a hypomanic episode, with at least one previous manic episode. †¢Manic- in a manic episode, with at least one previous major depressive, hypomanic, or manic episode. †¢mixed- in a mixed episode(i. e. or everyday during at least a one-week period, the criteria for a major depressive episode-except for duration-and a manic episode have both been met) †¢Depressed- in a major depressive episode, with at least one previous manic episode. †¢Unspecified- meets criteria for manic, hypomanic, or major depressive episode except for duration (i. e. the episode does not last long enough to meet the criteria for each ): at least one previous manic episode. Bipolar II This is similar to bipolar I except that hypomanic episodes occur instead of manic episodes. The distinction between the two disorders was clarified in the DSM-IV. †¢Recurrent major depressive episodes with hypomania- one or more major depressive episodes and presence of at least one hypomanic episode: never has a manic episode. Cyclothymic Disorder Manic and depressed moods that are chronic and relatively continual in nature. Depressive (Unipolar)Bipolar Disorders Low incidence of manic disturbances -the late twenties -low tendency to attempt suicide, anxiety -lithium has little effect- higher incidence of manic disturbances -Age of onset is earlier (the early twenties) Display psychomotor retardation a greater tendency to attempt suicide -respond to lithium Causes †¢Genetic Factors Family, twin and adoption studies suggest the involvement of genetic factors. The prevalence of depression in the random population (10% for men and 20% for women) is the baseline against which the concordance rates can be compared. -Family pedigree studies select people with unipola r depression as probands(the person who is the focus of a study), examine their relatives, and see whether depression also afflicts other members of the family. If a predisposition to unipolar depression is inherited, a proband’s relatives should have a higher rate of depression than the population at large. -One of twin studies looked at nearly 200 pairs of twins. When a monozygotic twin had unipolar depression, there was a 46% chance that the other twin would have the same disorder. In contract, when a dizygotic twin had unipolar depression, the other twin had only 20% chance of developing the disorder. (McGuffin et al. ,1996). -One study looked at the families of adopted persons who had been hospitalized for this disorder in Denmark. The biological parents of these adoptees turned out to have a higher incidence of severe depression than did the biological parents of a control group of nondepressed adoptees. (Wender et al. ,1986) Evaluation 1. Nature vs. Nuture It is difficult to separate out the influence of nature and nurture. Whilst the twin studies provide strong evidence for the role of genetic factors and the adoption studies point to the role of nature over nurture this is not conclusive. 2. Diathesis-stress model Genes alone do not determine who will develop depression – they only create vulnerability. Thus, they are not a direct cause as other factors must trigger the disorder. Evidence for this is that the concordance rates are not 100%, which shows that depression is due to an interaction of genetic and other factors. †¢Biochemical Factors The monoamine hypothesis suggests that depression is due to abnormal levels of neurotransmitters in the monoamine group. This was expanded upon the permissive anime theory (Kety,1975), which proposes that the level of noradrenaline and dopamine are controlled by serotonin. When serotonin is low the levels of noradrenaline fluctuate wildly; low levels are associated with depression and high levels with mania. The low levels of serotonin may be genetically inherited. The three neurotransmitters – serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline – are part of the monoamine group and play a role in normal arousal and mood. By-product compounds of the enzymes that act upon noradrenaline and serotonin were lower than normal in the urine of depressives. (Teuting, Rosen Hirschfeld, 1981) Antidepressant drugs such as the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) increase the levels of noradrenaline and serotonin and alleviate the symptoms of drepssion, which supports the influence of the biochemical on mood. -Post-mortem studies of patients who committed suicide show reduced levels of serotonin and an increased number of serotonin receptor sites. Evaluation 1. Cause, effect or correlate It is difficult to establish whether the low levels of neurotransmitters c ause depression, are an effect of having the disorder or are merely associated. Causation cannot be inferred as associations only have been identified. 2. Treatment aetiology fallacy The success of antidepressant drugs as a treatment does not necessarily mean the biochemical are the cause of the depression in the first place. MacLeod (1998) described this as the treatment aetiology fallacy and used headaches as an example. Aspirin works well as a treatment but this doesn’t mean the headache was due to an absence of aspirin. 3. Reductionist and deterministic Biological explanations are reductionist as they focus on only one factor and t present our understanding of biochemistry is oversimplified. This means other biological factors, such as hormones and psychological factors are ignored. The biological explanations are also deterministic because they ignore the individual’s ability to control their own behavior. †¢Psychodynamic Factors According to Freud, we are victims of our feelings, as repression and displacement are defense mechanisms in r esponse to actual loss ( death of a loved one) and symbolic loss (loss of status) that enable us to cope with the emotional turmoil, but can result in depression. Individuals with excessive dependence on others for self-esteem as a consequence of oral fixation are particularly vulnerable and unable to cope with loss. Anger at the loss is displaced onto the self, which affects self-esteem and causes the individual to re-experience loss that occurred in childhood. Freud believed that superego (or conscience) is dominat in the depressed person and this explains the excessive guilt experienced by many depressives. In contrast, the manic phase occurs when the individual’s ego, or rational mind, asserts itself and s/he feels in control. However, early loss does not consistently predict depression. Evaluation 1. Although the findings indicate that losses and inadequate parenting sometimes relate to depression, they do not establish that such factors are typically responsible for the disorder. In the studies of young children and young monkeys, for example, only some of the subjects who were separated from their mothers showed depressive reactions. 2. Many findings are inconsistent. Though some studies find evidence of a relationship between childhood loss and later depression, others do not. (Parker,1992; Owen, Lancee Freeman, 1986) 3. Certain features of the psychodynamic explanation are nearly impossible to test. Because symbolic loss, fixation at the oral stage, and introjection are said to operate at an unconscious level, it is difficult for researchers to determine if and when they are occurring. Similarly, other psychodynamic ideas can be measured only by retrospective self-reports of people who are or have been depressed. †¢Behavioral Factors depression is due to maladaptive learning. The principles of operant conditioning have been applied to explain depression using reinforcement and punishment. Many behaviorists view depression as a product of inadequate or insufficient reinforcers in a person’s life, leading to a reduced frequency of behavior that previously was positively reinforced. oThe number of events and activities that are potentially reinforcing to the person. This number depends very much on individual differences and varies with the biological traits and experiential history of the person. For example, age, gender, or physical attributes may determine the availability of reinforcers. Handsome people are more likely to receive positive attention than are nondescript people. Young people are likely to have more social interaction than retirees are. A task-oriented person who values intellectual pursuits may not respond to interpersonal or affiliative forms of reinforcement as readily as other people would. To such a person, a compliment such as ‘I like you’ may be less effective than ‘I see you as an extremely competent person. ’ oThe availability of reinforcements in the environment, Harsh environments, such as regimented institutions or remote isolated places, reduce reinforcements. oThe instrumental behavior of the individual. People in depression lack social behaviors that can elicit positive reinforcements. They feel more uncomfortable in social situations and the elicit depression in others. They tend to talk about themselves (more so than other people do) without being asked to do so. By creating conditions that further their depression or drive others away, these individuals thereby lose any social reinforcement that others could provide. Evaluation 1. Reductionist The behavioral explanations are greatly oversimplified as they focus on only one factor, the environment. This focus on the external means internal factors that may bee more influential, such as biological and cognitive are ignored. 2. Environmentally deterministic The behavioral explanations are deterministic as they suggest that behavior is controlled by the environment, which ignores the individual’s ability to control their own behavior. 3. Ignore nature The behavioral explanations overemphasize nurture and ignore nature. 4. Population validity Learned helplessness are an explanation of the development of depression may be more relevant to certain types of people, e. . those who lack social skills and so have limited emotional support. †¢Cognitive Factors 1. Arbitrary inference- The person with depression tends to draw conclusions that are not supported by evidence. For example, a woman may conclude that ‘people dislike me’ just because no one speaks to her on the bus or in the class. A man who invites a woman to dinner and finds the restaurant closed that ev ening may see this as evidence of his own unworthiness. In both cases, the person draws erroneous conclusions from the available evidence. People with depression are apparently unwilling or unable to see other, more probable, explanations. 2. Selected Abstraction- The individual takes a minor incident or detail out of context and focuses on it, and these incidents tend to be trivia. A person corrected for a minor aspect of his work may take the correction sign of incompetence or inadequacy – even when the supervisor’s overall feedback is highly positive. 3. Overgeneralization- The individual tends to draw a sweeping conclusion about his ability, performance or worth from one single experience or incident. The comments of a student seen by one of the authors at a university psychology clinic provide another illustration of overgeneralization: when he missed breakfast at the dormitory because his alarm clock didn’t ring, the student concluded, ‘I don’t deserve my own body because I don’t take care of it. ’ Later, when he showed up late for class through no fault of his own, he thought, ‘ what a miserable excuse for a student I am. ’ When a former classmate passed by and smiled, he thought, ‘I must look awful today or she won’t be laughing at me. ’ 4. Magnification and minimization- The individual tends to exaggerate limitations and difficulties and play down accomplishments, achievements and capabilities. Asked to evaluate personal strengths and weaknesses, the person lists many shortcomings or unsuccessful efforts but finds it almost impossible to name any achievements. Evaluation 1. Causes or effect? The evidence is not convincing that negative cognitions precede the disorder but nor has this been disproved. Therefore, conclusions are limited. It may be that the relationship is curvilinear, . i. e. negative thinking predisposes depression and depression increases negative thinking, 2. Descriptive not explanatory. The research may describe the nature of depressives’ thoughts rather than explain the development of depression if negative cognition is a consequence, not a cause, of depression. If it is a cause then it is not clear what causes the negative cognitions in the first place. 3. Success of cognitive treatments. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be as effective as antidepressants (Elkin at al. , 1985), which supports the role of cognitive factors in depression. But the cure does not necessarily indicate the cause, as the treatment aetiology fallacy states. 4. Lack of reliability. The prospective research is inconsistent and so we cannot be sure if negative cognitions cause or are a consequence of depression. Treatments for Depressive Disorders 1. Medication 4 kinds of antidepressant medication: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Heterocyclic antidepressants (HCAs) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Each medication is designed to heighten the level of a target neurotransmitter at the neuronal synapse. This heightening can be accomplished by: boosting the neurotransmitter’s synthesis blocking its degradation preventing its reuptake from the synapse, or Mimicking its binding to postsynaptic receptors 2. Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is generally reserved for patients with severe unipolar depression who have not responded to antidepressant medications. It consists of applying a moderate electrical voltage to the person’s brain for up to half a se cond. The patient’s response to the voltage is a convulsion (seizure) lasting thirty to forty seconds, followed by a five- to thirty- minute coma. Most patients with serious depression show at least a temporary improvement after about 4 ECT treatments (R. Campbell,1981). The ECT mechanism is not fully understood; it may operate on neurotransmitters at the synapses, as do antidepressants. One major advantage of ECT is that the response to treatment is relatively fast (Gangadhar, Kapur Kalyanasundaram, 1982). However, common side effects include headaches, confusion and memory loss. Many clinicians believe that ECT is the most rapid and effective treatment for major depressive episodes. ECT is controversial and critics have urged that it be banned as form of treatment. 3. Psychotherapy and Behavioral Treatments Because the use of antidepressant medication or ECT involves a number of disadvantages, clinicians have sought other approaches to either supplement or replace medical treatment of depression. A variety of psychological forms of treatment have been used, such as psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, group psychotherapy and family therapies – all with some success. -Interpersonal Therapy is a short term, psychodynamic-eclectic type of treatment for depression. It targets the client’s interpersonal relationships and uses strategies found in psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and other forms of therapy. Clients gain insight into conflicts in social relationships and strive to change these relationships. For example, by improving communications with others, by identifying role conflicts and by increasing social skills, clients are able to find relationships more satisfying and pleasant. Although interpersonal psychodynamic resembles psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches in acknowledging the role of early life experiences and traumas, it is oriented primarily toward present, not past, relationships. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy combines cognitive and behavioral strategies. The cognitive component involves teaching the patient the following:- a. to identify negative, self-critical thoughts (cognitions that occurs automatically) b. to note the connection between negative thoughts and the resulting depression. c. to carefully examine each negative thought and decide whether it can be supported d. to try to replace distorted negative thoughts with realistic interpretations of each situation At the outset of the cognitive therapy, the client is usually asked to begin monitoring his or her negative thoughts and list them on a chart. It is important for the client to include all thought and emotions associated with each distressing event that takes place each day. The second part of the cognitive-behavioral approach is behavior therapy, which is usually indicated in cases of severe depression in which the patient is virtually inactive. One primary assumption underlying this approach is that the patient is not doing enough pleasant, rewarding activities. During depression, people tend to belittle themselves and to withdraw from others; they can interpret their self-imposed social isolation as sign of being unpopular and inadequate. To address this problem, the therapist asks the patient to keep a daily activity schedule, listing life events hour by hour and rating the ‘pleasantness’ of each event. Once the client becomes more active, the therapist may ask the person to attend a social skills training program. Improvements in social skills generally help clients become more socially involved and can make that involvement rewarding. Treatments for Bipolar Disorders Although the forms of psychotherapy and behavior therapy used for depressive disorders are also used for bipolar disorders (e. g. MAOIs and SSRIs), drugs (especially lithium) are typically given to bipolar clients. Lithium is used as a mood-stabilizing drug to prevent or reduce future episodes of bipolar disorder. As noted, the manic phase of bipolar disorder may be caused by too much neurotransmitter (primarily norepinephrine) at brain synapses or by neurotransmitter dysfunction. Lithium decreases the total level of neurotransmitters in the synaptic areas by increasing the reuptake of norepinephrine into the nerve cells. Accurate measurements of lithium blood levels are easily obtained and dosages can be adjusted accordingly. Summary Severe depression is a major component of the mood disorders; it involves affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms, such as sadness, pessimism, low energy and sleep disturbances.

Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Essay Example

Use of Characterization in Miguel Street Paper The authors Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, commonly known as V. S Naipaul was born in Trinidad, on 17th of August 1932. His family descended from immigrants from north of India. His grandfather worked in a sugar cane plantation and his father was a journalist and a writer. He was educated at Queens Royal College and after winning a government scholarship, he went on to study in England at University College in Oxford from where he achieved his Bachelor of Arts degree. Apart from a few years in the middle of 1950s when he was employed by BBC as a free-lance journalist, he has devoted himself entirely to his writing. His works consist mainly of novels and short-stories, but some are also documentaries. In the beginning he found himself rootless, as he felt alienated from his background but he found his voice as a writer in the mid 1950s, when he started to examine his own Trinidadian background. Most of his novels revolve around the Trinidadian society and Miguel Street is one of them which came out in 1959. Miguel Street has been classified as a group of short stories, as a series of sketches and as a novel. It is considered as a novel because of the fact that it is unified by a single narrator and by several patterns and themes. We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Characterization in Miguel Street specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Characterization in Miguel Street specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Characterization in Miguel Street specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It can be seen as a group of short stories and a series of sketches because each chapter is dominated by a single character. Furthermore those major characters reappear as minor characters in other chapters. Characterization is a key factor in understanding Naipaulss Miguel Street and V. S Naipaul reveals its characters in a certain way. He uses conflict to reveal a character to the reader and the other characters in the novel. Most of the characters in the book are controversial and each character has an element of conflict. The readers learn about a character through the conflict they are facing and the way that character faces its conflict. It is conflict through which the nature of the character is revealed and the way that character thinks when faced with different problems. V. S Naipaul has used a narrator boy through whose eyes we see other characters. The narrator is a young boy in his adolescence whose observation of the people of the street also reflects his unconscious awakening as he grows from childhood through boyhood to early manhood. His growing up process is reflected in the unmasking of the characters who are each introduced initially as mysterious, romantic or colorful personalities who win the admiration of the people of the street until they are gradually exposed to emerge in their true colors. They are forced to emerge in their true colors when their conflict is revealed. V. S Naipaul uses the narrator boy and the gang to a certain extent to bring each of the characters one by one under a microscope where they are examined in detail. First the readers are given a fake image of the character because the character lies about his real identity and hides the conflict or the problem they are facing. But as soon as the conflict is revealed to the readers and the other characters in the novel, they all get to see the real side of the character. It is not only his peculiarities which are revealed but also their frustrations in life and their gradual decline from high expectations to an acceptance of failure, resignation to it or resorting to escape from the street. Bogart Bogart is the first character that the readers are introduced to. He has no identity and it is ironic how his mysteriousness is accepted unquestioningly by the people of Miguel Street. No one really knows about Bogart, not even his real name. He was first named Patience just because he plays a cards game called Patience all day and then he is given the name Bogart because of his resemblance to an actor in a movie called Casablanca. He comes to Miguel Street from somewhere and becomes the most popular man in the street at one point as the narrator boy says on page 11 He was at one time quite the most popular man in the street. Bogart creates a fake identity of himself in Miguel Street and never tells anyone about his real story, about his problem or conflict that he is facing. In fact he goes way out of his real life into fantasy which is apparent when he explains where he had disappeared to, on page 14 He had got a job on a ship and had gone to British Guiana. There he had deserted, and gone into the interior. He became a cowboy on the Rupununi, smuggled things into Brazil, and had gathered some girls from Brazil and taken them to Goergetown. He was running the best brothel in the town when the police treacherously took his bribes and arrested him. So he creates this fake identity of himself. However everything is revealed altogether when he is arrested under the charge of bigamy. He had left his first wife in Tunapuna because they could not have any children which questioned his manhood. So to avoid reality he ran away and came to Miguel Street. Then after some time he goes away and makes a baby with a Caroni Girl, Bogart still returns to Miguel Street to be a man as Hat explains at the end. POPO Popo story is quiet similar to Bogarts. He is also at first seen as a happy person. He also creates a fake identity of himself for self-amusement. He calls himself a carpenter and pretends to be busy building a thing without a name. He doesnt do anything for living and depends entirely on his wife who is employed as a cook. He shows off his prosperity in life and his status as a carpenter. He stands in the sun every morning with a glass of rum which he doesnt drink, he just holds it and when someone passes by he dips his fingers and licks them and waves at the person which shows that he is just showing off and enjoys himself being envied by other characters in the Miguel Street. However, when his conflict comes up the readers and the other characters in Miguel Street get to see a new character of Popo. His wife suddenly runs away with a gardener in her workplace and it is after that a change in Popos life-style is seen. It is also from there the readers and the other characters learn about Popo. He is no longer a man to be envied and then he disappears from Miguel Street just like Bogart and beats the guy with whom his wife had run away. He comes back to Miguel Street as a completely changed man. He starts working day and night at his carpentry and is no longer making the thing without a name. He even paints his house a bright green and red as though to express his new-found character. Eventually, his wife returns, takes up her old employment and Popo reverts to the old life of making the thing without a name.